1. What is Exploratory Testing?
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Exploratory testing is a hands-on approach in which testers are involved in minimum planning and maximum test execution. The planning involves the creation of a test charter, a short declaration of the scope of a short (1 to 2 hour) time-boxed test effort, the objectives and possible approaches to be used. The test design and test execution activities are performed in parallel typically without formally documenting the test conditions, test cases or test scripts. This does not mean that other, more formal testing techniques will not be used. For example, the tester may decide to use boundary value analysis but will think through and test the most important boundary values without necessarily writing them down. Some notes will be written during the exploratory-testing session so that a report can be produced afterward.
2. What is 'use case testing'?
In order to identify and execute the functional requirement of an application from start to finish 'use case' is used and the techniques used to do this is known as 'Use Case Testing.'
3. What is the difference between the STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle) and SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle)?
SDLC deals with development/coding of the software while STLC deales with validation and verification of the software
4. What is traceability matrix?
The relationship between test cases and requirements is shown with the help of a document. This document is known as a traceability matrix.
5. What is Equivalence partitioning testing?
Equivalence partitioning testing is a software testing technique which divides the application input test data into each partition at least once of equivalent data from which test cases can be derived. By this testing method, it reduces the time required for software testing.
6. What is white box testing and list the types of white box testing?
White box testing technique involves selection of test cases based on an analysis of the internal structure (Code coverage, branches coverage, paths coverage, condition coverage, etc.) of a component or system. It is also known as Code-Based testing or Structural testing. Different types of white box testing are
7. In white box testing, what do you verify?
In white box testing following steps are verified.
8. What is black box testing? What are the different black box testing techniques?
Black box testing is the software testing method which is used to test the software without knowing the internal structure of code or program. This testing is usually done to check the functionality of an application. The different black box testing techniques are
9. What is the difference between static and dynamic testing?
Static testing: During Static testing method, the code is not executed, and it is performed using the software documentation.
Dynamic testing: To perform this testing the code is required to be in an executable form.
10. What are verification and validation?
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Verification is a process of evaluating software at the development phase. It helps you to decide whether the product of a given application satisfies the specified requirements. Validation is the process of evaluating software at the after the development process and to check whether it meets the customer requirements.
11. What are the different test levels?
There are four test levels
12. What is Integration testing?
Integration testing is a level of software testing process, where individual units of an application are combined and tested. It is usually performed after unit and functional testing.
13. What Test Plans consists of?
Test design, scope, test strategies, approach are various details that Test plan document consists of.
14. What is the difference between UAT (User Acceptance Testing) and System testing?
System Testing: System testing is finding defects when the system undergoes testing as a whole; it is also known as end-to-end testing. In such type of testing, the application suffers from beginning till the end.
UAT: User Acceptance Testing (UAT) involves running a product through a series of specific tests which determines whether the product will meet the needs of its users.
15. Mention the difference between Data Driven Testing and Retesting?
Retesting: It is a process of checking bugs that are actioned by the development team to verify that they are fixed.
Data Driven Testing (DDT): In data driven testing process, the application is tested with multiple test data. The application is tested with a different set of values.
16. What are the valuable steps to resolve issues while testing?
17. What is the difference between test scenarios, test cases, and test script?
Difference between test scenarios and test cases is that
Test Scenarios: A Test Scenario is any functionality that can be tested. It is also called Test Condition or Test Possibility.
Test Cases: It is a document that contains the steps that have to be executed; it has been planned earlier.
Test Script: It is written in a programming language and it's a short program used to test part of the functionality of the software system. In other words a written set of steps that should be performed manually.
18. What is Latent defect?
Latent defect: This defect is an existing defect in the system which does not cause any failure as the exact set of conditions has never been met
19. What are the two parameters which can be useful to know the quality of test execution?
To know the quality of test execution, we can use two parameters
20. What is the function of the software testing tool 'phantom'?
Phantom is a freeware and is used for windows GUI automation scripting language. It allows us to take control of windows and functions automatically. It can simulate any combination of keystrokes and mouse clicks as well as menus, lists and more.
21. Explain what Test Deliverables is?
Test Deliverables are a set of documents, tools and other components that have to be developed and maintained in support of testing.
There are different test deliverables at every phase of the software development lifecycle
22. What is mutation testing?
Mutation testing is a technique to identify if a set of test data or test case is useful by intentionally introducing various code changes (bugs) and retesting with original test data/ cases to determine if the bugs are detected.
23. What all things you should consider before selecting automation tools for the AUT?
24. How will you conduct Risk Analysis?
For the risk analysis following steps need to be implemented
25. What are the categories of debugging?
Categories for debugging
26. What is fault masking explain with example?
When the presence of one defect hides. At that time the presence of another defect in the system is known as fault masking.
Example: If the 'Negative Value' cause a firing of unhandled system exception, the developer will prevent the negative values input. This will resolve the issue and hide the defect of unhandled exception firing.
27. Explain what Test Plan is? What is the information that should be covered in Test Plan?
A test plan can be defined as a document describing the scope, approach, resources, and schedule of testing activities and a test plan should cover the following details.
Software Test Interview Questions
28. How can you eliminate the product risk in your project?
It helps you to eliminate product risk in your project, and there is a simple yet crucial step that can reduce the product risk in your project.
29. What is the common risk that leads to project failure?
The common risk that leads to a project failure are
30. On what basis you can arrive at an estimation for your project?
To estimate your project, you have to consider the following points
32. Explain what is testing type and what are the commonly used testing type?
To get an expected test outcome, a standard procedure is followed which is referred to as Testing Type.
Commonly used testing types are
33. While monitoring your project what all things you have to consider?
The things that have to be taken in considerations are
34. What are the common mistakes which create issues?
35. What does a typical test report contain? What are the benefits of test reports?
A test report contains the following things:
The benefits of test reports are:
36. What is test management review and why it is important?
Management review is also referred to as Software Quality Assurance or SQA. SQA focusses more on the software process rather than the software work products. It is a set of activities designed to make sure that the project manager follows the standard process. SQA helps test manager to benchmark the project against the set standards.
37. What are the best practices for software quality assurance?
The best practices for an effective SQA implementation is
38. When is RTM (Requirement Traceability Matrix) prepared?
RTM is prepared before test case designing. Requirements should be traceable from review activities.
39. What is the difference between Test matrix and Traceability matrix?
Test Matrix: Test matrix is used to capture actual quality, effort, the plan, resources and time required to capture all phases of software testing
Traceability Matrix: Mapping between test cases and customer requirements is known as Traceability Matrix
40. In manual testing what are stubs and drivers?
Both stubs and drivers are part of incremental testing. In incremental testing, there are two approaches namely bottom-up and top-down approach. Drivers are used in bottom-up testing and stub is used for a top-down approach. In order to test the main module, the stub is used, which is a dummy code or program.
41. What is the step you would follow once you find the defect?
Once a defect is found you would follow the step
a) Recreate the defect
b) Attach the screenshot
c) Log the defect
42. Explain what is 'Test Plan Driven' or 'Key Word Driven' method of testing?
This technique uses the actual test case document developed by testers using a spreadsheet containing special 'key Words'. The key words control the processing.
43. What is the DFD (Data Flow Diagram)?
When a 'flow of data' through an information system is graphically represented, then it is known as Data Flow Diagram. It is also used for the visualization of data processing.
44. Explain what LCSAJ is?
LCSAJ stands for 'linear code sequence and jump.' It consists of the following three items
a) Start of the linear sequence of executable statements
b) End of the linear sequence
c) The target line to which control flow is transferred at the end of the linear sequence
45. Explain what N+1 testing is?
The variation of regression testing is represented as N+1. In this technique, the testing is performed in multiple cycles in which errors found in test cycle 'N' are resolved and re-tested in test cycle N+1. The cycle is repeated unless there are no errors found.
46. What is Fuzz testing and when it is used?
Fuzz testing is used to detect security loopholes and coding errors in software. In this technique, random data is added to the system in an attempt to crash the system. If vulnerability persists, a tool called fuzz tester is used to determine potential causes. This technique is more useful for bigger projects but only detects a major fault.
47. Mention what the main advantages of statement coverage metric of software testing are?
The benefit of statement coverage metric is that
a) It does not require processing source code and can be applied directly to object code
b) Bugs are distributed evenly through the code, due to which percentage of executable statements covered reflects the percentage of faults discovered
48. How to generate test cases for 'replace a string' method?
a) If characters in new string > characters in the previous string. None of the characters should get truncated
b) If characters in new string< characters in the previous string. Junk characters should not be added
c) Spaces after and before the string should not be deleted
d) String should be replaced only for the first occurrence of the string
49. How will you handle a conflict amongst your team members?
50. Mention what are the categories of defects?
Mainly there are three defect categories
51. Explain how does a test coverage tool work?
The code coverage testing tool runs parallel while performing testing on the actual product. The code coverage tool monitors the executed statements of the source code. When the final testing is done, we get a complete report of the pending statements and also get the coverage percentage.
52. Mention what the difference between a 'defect' and a 'failure' in software testing is?
In simple terms when a defect reaches the end customer, it is called a failure while the defect is identified internally and resolved; then it is referred to as a defect.
53. Explain how to test documents in a project that span across the software development lifecycle?
The project span across the software development lifecycle in the following manner
54. Explain which test cases are written first black boxes or white boxes?
Black box test cases are written first as to write black box test cases; it requires project plan and requirement document all these documents are easily available at the beginning of the project. While writing white box test cases requires more architectural understanding and is not available at the start of the project.
55. Explain what the difference between latent and masked defects is?
56. Mention what bottom-up testing is?
Bottom-up testing is an approach to integration testing, where the lowest level components are tested first, then used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. The process is repeated until the component at the top of the hierarchy is tested.
57. Mention what the different types of test coverage techniques are?
Different types of test coverage techniques include
58. Mention what the meaning of breath testing is?
Breath testing is a test suite that exercises the full functionality of a product but does not test features in detail
59. Explain what the meaning of Code Walk Through is?
Code Walk Through is the informal analysis of the program source code to find defects and verify coding techniques
60. Mention what the basic components of defect report format are?
The essential components of defect report format include
61. Mention what the purpose behind doing end-to-end testing is?
End-to-end testing is done after functional testing. The purpose behind doing end-to-end testing is that
62. Explain what it means by test harness?
A test harness is configuring a set of tools and test data to test an application in various conditions, and it involves monitoring the output with expected output for correctness.
63. Explain in a testing project what testing activities would you automate?
In testing project testing activities, you would automate are
64. What is the MAIN benefit of designing tests early in the life cycle?
It helps prevent defects from being introduced into the code.
Functional Testing Interview Questions
65. What is risk-based testing?
Risk-based Testing is the term used for an approach to creating a Test Strategy that is based on prioritizing tests by risk. The basis of the approach is a detailed risk analysis and prioritizing of risks by risk level. Tests to address each risk are then specified, starting with the highest risk first.
66. What is the KEY difference between preventative and reactive approaches to testing?
Preventative tests are designed early; reactive tests are designed after the software has been produced.
67. What is the purpose of exit criteria?
The purpose of exit criteria is to define when a test level is completed.
68. What determines the level of risk?
The likelihood of an adverse event and the impact of the event determine the level of risk.
69. When is used Decision table testing?
Decision table testing is used for testing systems for which the specification takes the form of rules or cause-effect combinations. In a decision table, the inputs are listed in a column, with the outputs in the same column but below the inputs. The remainder of the table explores combinations of inputs to define the outputs produced.
Learn More About Decision Table Testing Technique in the Video Tutorial here
70. Why we use decision tables?
The techniques of equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are often applied to specific situations or inputs. However, if different combinations of inputs result in different actions being taken, this can be more difficult to show using equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis, which tend to be more focused on the user interface. The other two specification-based techniques, decision tables, and state transition testing are more focused on business logic or business rules. A decision table is a good way to deal with combinations of things (e.g., inputs). This technique is sometimes also referred to as a 'cause-effect' table. The reason for this is that there is an associated logic diagramming technique called 'cause-effect graphing' which was sometimes used to help derive the decision table
71. What is the MAIN objective when reviewing a software deliverable?
To identify defects in any software work product.
72. Which of the following defines the expected results of a test? Test case specification or test design specification.
Test case specification defines the expected results of a test.
73. What is the benefit of test independence?
It avoids author bias in defining effective tests.
74. As part of which test process do you determine the exit criteria?
The exit criteria are determined on the bases of 'Test Planning'.
75. What is Alpha testing?
Pre-release testing by end user representatives at the developer's site.
76. What is beta testing?
Testing performed by potential customers at their own locations.
77. Mention what the difference between Pilot and Beta testing is?
The difference between a pilot and beta testing is that pilot testing is actually done using the product by the group of users before the final deployment, and in beta testing, we do not input real data, but it is installed at the end customer to validate if the product can be used in production.
78. Given the following fragment of code, how many tests are required for 100% decision coverage?
4
79. You have designed test cases to provide 100% statement and 100% decision coverage for the following fragment of code. if width > length then biggest_dimension = width else biggest_dimension = length end_if The following has been added to the bottom of the code fragment above. print 'Biggest dimension is ' &biggest_dimensionprint 'Width: ' & width print 'Length: ' & length How many more test cases are required?
None, existing test cases can be used.
80. What is the difference between Testing Techniques and Testing Tools?
Testing technique: – Is a process for ensuring that some aspects of the application system or unit functions properly there may be few techniques but many tools.
Testing Tools: – Is a vehicle for performing a test process. The tool is a resource to the tester, but itself is insufficient to conduct testing
Learn More About Testing Tools here
81. We use the output of the requirement analysis, the requirement specification as the input for writing …
User Acceptance Test Cases
82. Repeated Testing of an already tested program, after modification, to discover any defects introduced or uncovered as a result of the changes in the software being tested or in another related or unrelated software component:
Regression Testing
83. A wholesaler sells printer cartridges. The minimum order quantity is 5. There is a 20% discount for orders of 100 or more printer cartridges. You have been asked to prepare test cases using various values for the number of printer cartridges ordered. Which of the following groups contain three test inputs that would be generated using Boundary Value Analysis?
4, 5, 99
84. What is component testing?
Component testing, also known as unit, module, and program testing, searches for defects in and verifies the functioning of software (e.g., modules, programs, objects, classes, etc.) that are separately testable. Component testing may be done in isolation from the rest of the system depending on the context of the development life cycle and the system. Most often stubs and drivers are used to replace the missing software and simulate the interface between the software components simply. A stub is called from the software component to be tested; a driver calls a component to be tested.
Here is an awesome video on Unit Testing
85. What is functional system testing?
Testing the end to end functionality of the system as a whole is defined as a functional system testing.
86. What are the benefits of Independent Testing?
Independent testers are unbiased and identify different defects at the same time.
87. In a REACTIVE approach to testing when would you expect the bulk of the test design work to be begun?
The bulk of the test design work begun after the software or system has been produced.
88. What are the different Methodologies in Agile Development Model?
There are currently seven different agile methodologies that I am aware of:
89. Which activity in the fundamental test process includes evaluation of the testability of the requirements and system?
A 'Test Analysis' and 'Design' includes evaluation of the testability of the requirements and system.
90. What is typically the MOST important reason to use risk to drive testing efforts?
Because testing everything is not feasible.
91. What is random/monkey testing? When is it used?
Random testing is often known as monkey testing. In such type of testing data is generated randomly often using a tool or automated mechanism. With this randomly generated input, the system is tested, and results are analyzed accordingly. These testing are less reliable; hence it is normally used by the beginners and to see whether the system will hold up under adverse effects.
92. Which of the following are valid objectives for incident reports?
93. Consider the following techniques. Which are static and which are dynamic techniques?
Data Flow Analysis and Inspections are static; Equivalence Partitioning, Use Case Testing, Exploratory Testing and Decision Testing are dynamic.
94. Why are static testing and dynamic testing described as complementary?
Because they share the aim of identifying defects but differ in the types of defect they find.
95. What are the phases of a formal review?
In contrast to informal reviews, formal reviews follow a formal process. A typical formal review process consists of six main steps:
96. What is the role of moderator in the review process?
The moderator (or review leader) leads the review process. He or she determines, in co-operation with the author, the type of review, approach and the composition of the review team. The moderator performs the entry check and the follow-up on the rework, in order to control the quality of the input and output of the review process. The moderator also schedules the meeting, disseminates documents before the meeting, coaches other team members, paces the meeting, leads possible discussions and stores the data that is collected.
Learn More about Review process in Video Tutorial here
97. What is an equivalence partition (also known as an equivalence class)?
An input or output ranges of values such that only one value in the range becomes a test case.
98. When should configuration management procedures be implemented?
During test planning.
99. A Type of Functional Testing, which investigates the functions relating to the detection of threats, such as virus from malicious outsiders?
Security Testing
100. Testing wherein we subject the target of the test, to varying workloads to measure and evaluate the performance behaviors and the ability of the target and the test to continue to function properly under these different workloads?
Load Testing
101. Testing activity which is performed to expose defects in the interfaces and in the interaction between integrated components is?
Integration Level Testing
102. What are the Structure-based (white-box) testing techniques?
Structure-based testing techniques (which are also dynamic rather than static) use the internal structure of the software to derive test cases. They are commonly called 'white-box' or 'glass-box' techniques (implying you can see into the system) since they require knowledge of how the software is implemented, that is, how it works. For example, a structural technique may be concerned with exercising loops in the software. Different test cases may be derived to exercise the loop once, twice, and many times. This may be done regardless of the functionality of the software.
103. When should 'Regression Testing' be performed?
After the software has changed or when the environment has changed Regression testing should be performed.
104. What is negative and positive testing?
A negative test is when you put in an invalid input and receives errors. While positive testing is when you put in a valid input and expect some action to be completed in accordance with the specification.
105. What is the purpose of a test completion criterion?
The purpose of test completion criterion is to determine when to stop testing
106. What can static analysis NOT find?
For example memory leaks.
107. What is the difference between re-testing and regression testing?
Re-testing ensures the original fault has been removed; regression testing looks for unexpected side effects.
108. What are the Experience-based testing techniques?
In experience-based techniques, people's knowledge, skills, and background are a prime contributor to the test conditions and test cases. The experience of both technical and business people is important, as they bring different perspectives to the test analysis and design process. Due to previous experience with similar systems, they may have insights into what could go wrong, which is very useful for testing.
109. What type of review requires formal entry and exit criteria, including metrics?
Inspection
110. Could reviews or inspections be considered part of testing?
Yes, because both help detects faults and improves quality.
111. An input field takes the year of birth between 1900 and 2004 what the boundary values for testing this field are?
1899,1900,2004,2005
112. Which of the following tools would be involved in the automation of regression test? a. Data tester b. Boundary tester c. Capture/Playback d. Output comparator.
d. Output comparator
113. To test a function, what has to write a programmer, which calls the function to be tested and pass test data.
Driver
114. What is the one Key reason why developers have difficulty testing their own work?
Lack of Objectivity
115.'How much testing is enough?'
The answer depends on the risk for your industry, contract and special requirements.
116. When should testing be stopped?
It depends on the risks for the system being tested. There are some criteria based on which you can stop testing.
117. Which of the following is the primary purpose of the integration strategy for integration testing in the small?
The primary purpose of the integration strategy is to specify which modules to combine when and how many at once.
118. What are semi-random test cases?
Semi-random test cases are nothing, but when we perform random test cases and do equivalence partitioning to those test cases, it removes redundant test cases, thus giving us semi-random test cases.
119. Given the following code, which statement is true about the minimum number of test cases required for full statement and branch coverage?
Read p
Read q
IF p+q> 100
THEN Print 'Large'
ENDIF
IF p > 50
THEN Print 'p Large'
ENDIF
1 test for statement coverage, 2 for branch coverage
120. Which review is normally used to evaluate a product to determine its suitability for the intended use and to identify discrepancies?
Javascript download file ajax. Technical Review.
121. Faults found should be originally documented by whom?
By testers.
122. Which is the current formal world-wide recognized documentation standard?
There isn't one.
123. Which of the following is the review participant who has created the item to be reviewed?
Author
124. A number of critical bugs are fixed in software. All the bugs are in one module, related to reports. The test manager decides to do regression testing only on the reports module.
Regression testing should be done on other modules as well because fixing one module may affect other modules.
125. Why does the boundary value analysis provide good test cases?
Because errors are frequently made during programming of the different cases near the 'edges' of the range of values.
126. What makes an inspection different from other review types?
It is led by a trained leader, uses formal entry and exit criteria and checklists.
127. Why can be tester dependent on configuration management?
Because configuration management assures that we know the exact version of the testware and the test object.
Software Tester Interview Questions And Answers
128. What is V-Model?
A software development model that illustrates how testing activities integrate with software development phases
129. What is maintenance testing?
Triggered by modifications, migration or retirement of existing software
130. What is test coverage?
Test coverage measures in some specific way the amount of testing performed by a set of tests (derived in some other way, e.g., using specification-based techniques). Wherever we can count things and can tell whether or not each of those things has been tested by some test, then we can measure coverage.
131. Why is incremental integration preferred over 'big bang' integration?
Because incremental integration has better early defects screening and isolation ability
132. What is called the process starting with the terminal modules?
Bottom-up integration
133. During which test activity could fault be found most cost-effectively?
During test planning
134. The purpose of the requirement phase is
To freeze requirements, to understand user needs, to define the scope of testing
135. Why we split testing into distinct stages?
We split testing into distinct stages because of the following reasons,
136. What is DRE?
In order to measure test effectiveness, a powerful metric is used to measure test effectiveness known as DRE (Defect Removal Efficiency) From this metric we would know how many bugs we have found from the set of test cases. The formula for calculating DRE is
DRE=Number of bugs while a testing/number of bugs while testing + number of bugs found by a user
137. Which of the following is likely to benefit most from the use of test tools providing test capture and replay facilities? a) Regression testing b) Integration testing c) System testing d) User acceptance testing
Regression testing
138. How would you estimate the amount of re-testing likely to be required?
Metrics from previous similar projects and discussions with the development team
139. What studies data flow analysis?
The use of data on paths through the code.
140. What is failure?
Failure is a departure from specified behavior.
141. What are Test comparators?
Is it really a test if you put some inputs into some software, but never look to see whether the software produces the correct result? The essence of testing is to check whether the software produces the correct result and to do that, and we must compare what the software produces to what it should produce. A test comparator helps to automate aspects of that comparison.
142. Who is responsible for document all the issues, problems and open point that were identified during the review meeting
Scribe
143. What is the main purpose of Informal review
An inexpensive way to get some benefit
144. What is the purpose of test design technique?
Identifying test conditions and Identifying test cases
145. When testing a grade calculation system, a tester determines that all scores from 90 to 100 will yield a grade of A, but scores below 90 will not. This analysis is known as:
Equivalence partitioning
146. A test manager wants to use the resources available for the automated testing of a web application. The best choice is Tester, test automation, web specialist, DBA
147. During the testing of a module tester, 'X' found a bug and assigned it to a developer. But developer rejects the same, saying that it's not a bug. What 'X' should do?
Send the detailed information of the bug encountered and check the reproducibility
148. A type of integration testing in which software elements, hardware elements, or both are combined all at once into a component or an overall system, rather than in stages.
Big-Bang Testing
149. In practice, which Life Cycle model may have more, fewer or different levels of development and testing, depending on the project and the software product. For example, there may be component integration testing after component testing, and system integration testing after system testing.
V-Model
150. Which technique can be used to achieve input and output coverage? It can be applied to human input, input via interfaces to a system, or interface parameters in integration testing.
Equivalence partitioning
151. 'This life cycle model is driven by schedule and budget risks' This statement is best suited for.
V-Model
152. In which order should tests be run?
The most important one must be tested first
153. The later in the development life cycle a fault is discovered, the more expensive it is to fix. Why?
The fault has been built into more documentation, code, tests, etc
154. What is Coverage measurement?
It is a partial measure of test thoroughness.
155. What is Boundary value testing?
Test boundary conditions on, below and above the edges of input and output equivalence classes. For instance, let say a bank application where you can withdraw maximum Rs.20,000 and a minimum of Rs.100, so in boundary value testing we test only the exact boundaries, rather than hitting in the middle. That means we test above the maximum limit and below the minimum limit.
156. What does COTS represent?
Commercial Off The Shelf.
157.The purpose of which is to allow specific tests to be carried out on a system or network that resembles as closely as possible the environment where the item under test will be used upon release?
Test Environment
158. What can be thought of as being based on the project plan, but with greater amounts of detail?
Phase Test Plan
159. What is Rapid Application Development?
Rapid Application Development (RAD) is formally a parallel development of functions and subsequent integration. Components/functions are developed in parallel as if they were mini projects, the developments are time-boxed, delivered, and then assembled into a working prototype. This can very quickly give the customer something to see and use and to provide feedback regarding the delivery and their requirements. Rapid change and development of the product are possible using this methodology. However the product specification will need to be developed for the product at some point, and the project will need to be placed under more formal controls before going into production.
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Top QA Interview Questions
Q #1) What is the difference between Quality Assurance, Quality Control and testing?
Quality Assurance is the process of planning and defining the way of monitoring and implementing the quality (test) processes within a team and organization. This method basically defines and sets the quality standards of the projects.
Quality Control is the process of finding defects and providing suggestions to improve the quality of the software. The methods used by Quality Control are usually established by the quality assurance.
It is the primary responsibility of the testing team to implement quality control.
Testing is the process of finding defects/bug. It validates whether the software built by the development team meets the requirements set by the user and the standards set by the organization.
Here the main focus is on finding bugs and testing team acts as a quality gatekeeper.
Q #2) When do you think QA activities should start?
QA activity should start from the beginning of the project. The more early it starts the more benefit it is to set the standards for achieving the quality.
The cost, time and efforts are very challenging in case the QA activities gets delayed.
Q #3) What is the difference between the Test Plan and Test Strategy
Test Strategy is at a higher level, mostly created by the Project Manager which demonstrates the overall approach of the testing for the entire project, whereas Test plan basically depicts the how the testing should be performed for a particular application, falling under a project.
Q #4) Can you explain the software testing life cycle?
Software Testing Life Cycle refers to a testing process which has specific steps to be executed in a definite sequence to ensure that the quality goals have been met.
Please refer to the below link to know more:
Q #5) How do you define a format of writing a good test case?
A test case has the below format:
Also, refer to the below link to get more information:
Q #6) What is a good test case?
In simple words, a good test case is one which finds a defect. But all test case will not find defects, so A good test case can also be one which has all the prescribed details and coverage.
Q #7) What would you do if you have a large suite to execute in very less time?
In case we have less time and have to execute larger volume of test cases, we should prioritize the test case at first instant and execute the high priority test cases first and then move on to the lower priority ones.
This way we can make sure that the important aspects of the software is tested.
Alternatively, we may also seek customer preference that which is the most important functionality of the software according to them, and we should start testing from those areas and then gradually move to those areas which are of less importance.
Q #8) Do you think QA's can also participate to resolve production issues?
Definitely!! It would be a good learning curve for QA's to participate in resolving production issues. Many a time production issues could be resolved by clearing the logs or making some registry settings or by restarting the services.
These kinds of environmental issues could be very well fixed by the QA team.
Also If QAs have an insight on resolving the production issues, they may also include them while writing the test cases, and this way they can contribute to improve quality and try to minimize the production defects.
Q #9) Suppose you find a bug in production, how would you make sure that the same bug is not introduced again?
The best way is to immediately write a test case for the production defect and include it in the regression suite. This way we ensure that the bug does not get introduced again.
Also many a time we can also think of alternate test cases or similar kind of test case and include them in our planned execution.
Q #10) What is the difference between functional and nonfunctional testing?
Functional testing basically deals with the functional aspect of the application. This technique tests that the system is behaving as per the requirement and specification.
These are directly linked with customer requirement. We validate the test cases against the specified requirement and make the test pass or failed accordingly.
Examples include regression, integration, system, smoke etc…
Nonfunctional testing – on the other hand, tests the Nonfunctional aspect of the application. It tests NOT the requirement, but the environmental factors like performance, load and stress.
These are not explicitly specified in the requirement but are prescribed in the quality standards. So as QA we have to make sure that these testing are also given sufficient time and priority.
Q #11) What is negative testing? How is it different from positive testing?
Negative testing is a technique which validates that the system behaves gracefully in case of any invalid inputs.
For example, in case the user enters any invalid data in a text box, the system should display a proper message instead of the technical message which the user does not understand.
Negative testing is different from positive testing in a way that positive testing validates that our system works as expected and compares the test results with the expected results.
Most of the time scenarios for negative testing are not mentioned in the functional requirement documents. As a QA we have to identify the negative scenarios and should have provisions to test those.
Q #12) How would you ensure that your testing is complete and has good coverage?
Requirement traceability matrix and Test coverage matrices will help us to determine that our test cases have good coverage.
Requirement traceability matrices will help us to determine that the test conditions are enough so that all the requirements are covered.
Coverage matrices will help us to determine that the test cases are enough to satisfy all the identified test conditions in RTM.
An RTM will look something like:
Similarly, Test coverage matrices will look like:
Q #13) What are the different artifacts you refer when you write the test cases?
The main artifacts used are:
Q #14) Have you ever managed writing the test cases without having any documents?
Yes, many a time we have a situation where we have to write test cases without having any concrete documents. In that case, the best way is to
Q #15) What is meant by Verification and Validation?
Validation is the process of evaluating the final product to check whether the software meets the business needs.
The test execution which we do in our day to day life is actually the validation activity which includes smoke testing, functional testing, regression testing, systems testing etc…
Verification is a process of evaluating the intermediary work products of a software development lifecycle to check if we are in the right track of creating the final product.
Q #16) What are the different verification techniques you know?
Verification techniques are static in nature. There are 3 verification techniques:
Review, Inspection, and walkthrough.
1) Review – Is a method by which the code/test cases are examined by the individual other than the author who has produced it.
It is one of the easy and best ways to ensure coverage and quality.
2) Inspection – Is a technical and disciplined way to examine and correct the defects in the test artifact or code. Because it is disciplined, it has various roles:
3) Walkthrough – Is a process in which the author of the document/code reads the content and gets the feedback.
This is most of the time a kind of FYI (For your information) session rather than seeking corrections.
Q #17) What is the difference between Load and Stress testing?
Stress Testing is a technique which validates the behavior of the system when it executes under stress. To explain, we reduce the resources and check the behavior of the system.
We first understand the upper limit of the system and gradually reduce the resources and check the system behavior.
In Load testing, we validate the system behavior under the expected load. The load can be of concurrent user or resources accessing the system at the same time.
Q #18) In case you have any doubts regarding your project, how do you approach?
In case of any doubts, first try to get it clear by reading the available aartifacts/applicationhelp. In case of doubts still persisting, ask ian mmediate supervisor or the senior member of your team.
BA's would also be a good choice to ask the doubts. We can also touch base with the development team in case of any doubts. The last option would be to follow up with the manager and finally to the stakeholders.
Q #19) Have you used any Automation tools?
The answer to this question is very much exclusive to the individual. Reply with all the tools and strategy of automation that you have used in your project.
Q #20) How do you determine which piece of software require how much testing?
We can know this factor by finding out the Cyclomatic Complexity.
The technique helps to identify the below 3 questions for the programs / features
As a QA we can use this technique to identify the “level” of our testing.
It is a practice that if the result of cyclomatic complexity is more or a bigger number, we consider that piece of functionality to be of complex nature and hence we conclude as a tester; that the piece of code / functionality requires an in-depth testing.
On the other hand, if the result of the Cyclomatic Complexity is a smaller number, we conclude as QA that the functionality is of less complexity and decide the scope accordingly.
As a QA its very important that we understand the entire testing lifecycle and should be able to suggest changes in our process if required.
The goal is to deliver high quality software and in that way, a QA should take all the necessary measures to improve the process and way testing team executes the tests.
Hope these QA Interview Questions and Answers will be helpful for preparing a Quality Assurance Interview.
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